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Dr George Milligan

George Milligan

Dr George Milligan joined the Geotechnical Consulting Group fulltime in January 1997, having been an Associate of the group since its inception in 1983, and became a Director in 1998. Prior to that, from 1979 to 1996 he was a University Lecturer in the Engineering Department of Oxford University, and a Fellow and Tutor in Engineering at Magdalen College.

His research interests were in soil reinforcement(including soilnailing), tunnelling and trenchless technologies (including pipe jacking, microtunnelling and pipe bursting).

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  1. Milligan, G. W. E. (1974). The Behaviour of Rigid and Flexible Retaining Walls in Sand. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
  2. Bransby, P. L. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1975). Soil deformations near cantilever sheet pile walls. Geotechnique 25. 2. 175-195.
  3. Milligan, G. W. E. and Bransby, P. L. (1976). Combined active and passive rotational failure of a retaining wall in sand. Geotechnique 26. 3. 473-494
  4. Milligan, G. W. E. (1981). The use of mesh products to improve the performance of granular fill on soft ground. Report to Netlon Ltd. Oxford University Engineering Laboratory (OUEL) report No.1346/81, SM017/NET/81.
  5. Milligan, G. W. E. (1982). Some scale model tests to investigate the use of reinforcement to improve the performance of fill on soft soil. Q.J.Eng.Geol., London. 15. 209-215.
  6. Milligan, G. W. E. (1982). Preconsolidation and slope stability in weak alluvial soil in the Middle East. OUEL report No.1446/82, SM029/GOL/82.
  7. Milligan, G. W. E. (1982). Some tests on the relative effectiveness of grid reinforcements for granular soils. OUEL report No.1441/82, SM030/LAB/82.
  8. Milligan, G. W. E. (1983). Soil deformations near anchored sheet pile walls. Geotechnique 33. 1. 41-55.
  9. Jewell, R. A., Milligan, G. W. E., Sarsby, R. W. and Dubois, D. (1984). Interaction between soil and geogrids. Symposium on Polymer Grid Reinforcement in Civil Engineering. I.C.E. London.
  10. Milligan, G. W. E. and Love, J. P. (1984). Model testing of geogrids under an aggregate layer on soft ground. Symposium on Polymer Grid Reinforcement in Civil Engineering. I.C.E. London.
  11. Milligan, G. W. E. (1984). Soil deformations behind retaining walls. 3rd Int. Conf. on Ground Movements and Structures. Cardiff.
  12. Dyer, M. R. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1984). A photoelastic investigation of the interaction of a cohesionless soil with reinforcement placed at different orientations. Int. Conf. on In Situ Soil and Rock Reinforcement. Paris.
  13. Milligan, G. W. E. and Houlsby, G. T. (1984). Basic Soil Mechanics. Butterworths.
  14. Milligan, G. W. E. (1986). Research on in situ testing of soils. Report to SERC. OUEL report No.1634/86, SM067/GWEM/86
  15. Love, J. P., Burd, H. J., Milligan, G. W. E. and Houlsby, G. T. (1986). Analytical and model studies of reinforcement of a layer of granular fill on a soft clay subgrade. OUEL report No.1660/86.
  16. Milligan, G. W. E. (1986). Current research in pipe jacking. Proc. Pipe Jacking Conference, PJA, London.
  17. Milligan, G. W. E., Fannin, R. J. and Farrar, D. M. (1986). Model and full-scale tests of granular layers reinforced with a geogrid. 3rd Int. Conf. on Geotextiles, Vol.I. Vienna.
  18. Palmeira, E. M. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1987). Scale and other factors affecting the results of pull-out tests of grids buried in sand. OUEL report No.1678/87, SM 070/87.
  19. Milligan, G. W. E. and Palmeira, E. M. (1987). Prediction of bond between soil and reinforcement. Int.Symp. on Prediction and Performance in Geotechnical Engineering, Calgary.
  20. Love, J. P., Burd, H. J., Milligan, G. W. E. and Houlsby, G. T. (1987). Analytical and model studies of reinforcement of a layer of granular fill on a soft clay subgrade. Can. Geotech. J. 24, 611-622.
  21. Milligan, G. W. E. (1988). Geotextile research and the IGS. Ground Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 2., Mar 1988, pp 2-6.
  22. Palmeira, E. M. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1988). A large-scale apparatus for the study of soil reinforcement interaction. Proc. Int. Symp. On New Techniques in Laboratory and Field Testing in Geotechnical Engineering, COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, May 1988, pp. 403-414.
  23. Milligan, G. W. E. and Ripley, K. J. (1989). Packing materials in jacked pipe joints. Developments Underground, No Dig 89, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Trenchless Construction, Thomas Telford, London
  24. Jewell, R. A. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1989). Deformation calculations for reinforced soil walls. Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., Vol.2, pp1257-1262. Rio de Janeiro.
  25. Palmeira, E. M. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1989). Scale effects in direct shear tests on sand. Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., Vol.1, pp739-742. Rio de Janeiro.
  26. Palmeira, E. M. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1989). Scale and other factors affecting the results of pull-out tests of grids buried in sand. Geotechnique 39, No.3, 511-524.
  27. Palmeira, E. M. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1989). Large scale direct shear tests on reinforced soil. Soils and Foundations, Vol.29, No.1, 18-30.
  28. Houlsby, G. T., Milligan, G. W. E., Jewell, R. A. and Burd, H. J. (1989). A new approach to the design of unpaved roads, part I. Ground Engineering, Vol.22, No.3.
  29. Milligan, G. W. E., Jewell, R. A., Houlsby, G. T. and Burd, H. J. (1989). A new approach to the design of unpaved roads, part II. Ground Engineering, Vol.22, No.6
  30. Pedley, M. J., Jewell, R. A. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1990). A large scale experimental study of soil- reinforcement interaction. OUEL Report No.1848/90, SM109/90.
  31. Houlsby, G. T., Burd, H. J., Milligan, G. W. E., Jewell, R. A. and Brocklehurst, C. J. (1990). Research at Oxford on reinforced unpaved roads, 1989/90. OUEL Report No.1820/90.
  32. Milligan, G. W. E., Bush, D. I. and Earl, R. F. (1990). Photoelastic observations of pullout tests on geotextiles and geogrids. Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Products, Proc. 4th Int. Conf., Ed. Den Hoedt,G, Balkema, Rotterdam, 747-751.
  33. Palmeira, E. M. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1990). Large-scale pullout tests on geotextiles and geogrids. Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Products, Proc. 4th Int.Conf., Ed, Den Hoedt, G., Balkema, Rotterdam, 743-746.
  34. Pedley, M. J., Jewell, R. A. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1990). A large scale experimental study of soil- reinforcement interaction. Ground Engineering, 23, No.6, July/August (part 1) and 23, No.7, September (part 2).
  35. Swee, J. L. K. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1990). Pipebursting: model tests. Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Trenchless Technology, Osaka.
  36. Pearson, A. E. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1991). Model tests of reinforced soil in conjunction with flexible culverts. Performance of Reinforced Soil Structures; McGown, A., Yeo, K.C. and Andrawes, K.Z. (Eds.), Thomas Telford, London pp. 365-369.
  37. O’Mahony, M. M. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1991). Use of recycled materials in sub-base layers. Transport Research Record No.1310, Materials, Construction and Maintenance, Construction Innovations, 73-80, transportation reaearch Board, Washington.
  38. Norris, P. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1991). Field instrumentation for monitoring the performance of jacked concrete pipes. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Oslo, Ed. Sorum,G., Balkema, Rotterdam, 241-250.
  39. Milligan, G. W. E. and Norris, P. (1991). Concrete jacking pipes, the Oxford research project. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling, Pipe Jacking Association, London.
  40. O’Mahony, M. M. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1991). Recycling of construction waste. Waste Materials in Construction, Ed. Goumans,J.J.J.R., Van der Sloot, H.A. and Aalbers, T.G., 225-231, Elsevier Publications, Netherlands.
  41. Norris, P. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1992). Pipe end load transfer mechanisms during pipe jacking. Trenchless Benefits Society, Proc. Int. Conf. on Trenchless Construction, No Dig 92, Washington D.C.
  42. Norris, P. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1992). Frictional resistance of jacked concrete pipes at full scale. No Trenches in Town, Proc. Int. Conf. on Trenchless Construction, No Dig 92, Paris.
  43. Milligan, G. W. E. and Norris, P. (1993). The performance of concrete jacking pipes during installation. OUEL Report No.1986/93.
  44. Jewell, R. A., Burd, H. J. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1993). Predicting the effect of boundary forces on the behaviour of reinforced soil walls. Predictive Soil Mechanics, Proc. of the Wroth Memorial Symposium, Oxford, July 1992, Ed. Houlsby G.T. and Schofield, A.N., pp.378-393, Thomas Telford.
  45. Milligan, G. W. E. (1993). Introduction to session on Reinforced Soils. Retaining Structures, Proc. Conf. on Retaining Structures, Cambridge, July 1992, Ed.C.R.I.Clayton, pp.506-514, Thomas Telford.
  46. Milligan, G. W. E. and Norris, P. (1993). Oxford research in pipe jacking – research gathers pace. Proc. 2nd. Int. Conf. on Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling, Pipe Jacking Association, London.
  47. Milligan, G. W. E. (1993). Pipejacking Research. World Tunnelling, Vol.6, No.8, Oct.1993, pp.343-346.
  48. Milligan, G. W. E. (1994). Tunnels of small diameter using the pipe jacking technique. Special Lecture No.3, Proc. 3rd. Brazilian Symp. on Underground Excavations, Brasilia, Aug. 1991, pp. 25-40.
  49. Milligan, G. W. E., and Norris, P. (1994). Pipe Jacking: research results and recommendations. Report, 66pp, Pipe Jacking Association, London.
  50. Milligan, G. W. E. and Marshall, M. A., (1995). Ground movements due to construction of pipe-jacking tunnels.Proc XI Eur. Conf. Soil Mech. and Found. Eng, Copenhagen, Vol.3, pp 191 – 200. Danish Geotechnical Society.
  51. Milligan, G. W. E., and Norris, P. (1996). Site-based research in pipe jacking – objectives, procedures and a case history. Trenchless Technology Research, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol.11, Supplement 1, pp 3-24.
  52. Marshall, M. A. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1996). A case study of an instrumented microtunnel in fine sand No Dig 96 New Orleans, Proc. Int. Conf. on Trenchless Technologies.
  53. Marshall, M. A., Milligan, G. W. E. and Mair, R. J. (1996) Movements and stress changes in London Clay due to the construction of a pipe jack. Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Ed. R.J. Mair and R.N. Taylor, Proc. of Int. Symp., London. Balkema, Rotterdam. Pp 719-724.
  54. Kim, S. H., Burd, H. J. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1996). Interaction between closely spaced tunnels in clay. Geotechnical Aspects of underground Construction in soft Ground. Ed. R.J. Mair and R.N. Taylor, Proc. Int. Symp., London. Balkema, Rotterdam. Pp 543- 548.
  55. Chang, K. T. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1996). Effects of the transition zone in a nailed wall model test. IS Kyushu 96, Int. Symp. on Earth Reinforcement, Fukuoka, Japan, Nov 1996.
  56. Holt, C. C., Milligan, G. W. E. and Burd, H. J. (1997). Prototype testing of improved microtunnelling pipes. OUEL Report No. 2151/97.
  57. Milligan, G. W. E., Chang, K. T. and Morris, J. D. (1997) Pull-out resistance of soil nails in sand and clay. Ground improvements geosystems, Ed. M.C.R. Davies and F. Schlosser, Proc. of 3rd Int. Conf., London, Thomas Telford, London, pp. 414-422.
  58. Milligan, G. W. E. and Marshall, M. A. (1998A). The functions and effects of lubrication in pipe jacking. Tunnels and Metropolises, Arsenio Negro and Argimiro Alvarez Ferreira, Eds., Proc. of the World Tunnel Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Vol.2, pp. 739-744. Balkema, Rotterdam.
  59. Milligan, G. W. E. and Norris, P. (1998). Site control of pipe jack alignments. Tunnels and Metropolises, Arsenio Negro and Argimiro Alvarez Ferreira, Eds. Proc. of the World Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Vol.2, pp. 745-750. Balkema, Rotterdam.
  60. Marshall, M.A. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1998). Geotechnical aspects of pipe-jacked tunnelling. Proc. Int. Conf. on Urban Ground Engineering, Hong Kong.
  61. Milligan, G. W. E. and Marshall, M. A. (1998B). The influence of lubrication on jacking loads from six monitored pipe jacks. No Dig 98, Proc. Int. Conf. on Trenchless Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  62. Kim, S. H., Burd, H. J. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1998). Model testing of closely spaced tunnels in clay. Geotechnique 48, No.3, 375-388.
  63. Tei, K., Taylor, R. N. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1998). Centrifuge model tests of nailed soil slopes. Soils and Foundations, 38, No.2, 165-177.
  64. Milligan, G. W. E. and Tei, K. (1998). Pull-out resistance of model soil nails. Soils and Foundations, 38, No.2, 179-190.
  65. Milligan, G. W. E. and Norris, P. (1999). Pipe-soil interaction during pipe jacking. Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., Geotechnical Engineering, 137, Jan.1999, 27-44.
  66. Marshall, M.A. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1999). Geotechnical aspects of pipe-jacked tunnelling. Tunnels and Tunnelling International, April 1999, 31, No.4, 38-40.
  67. Burd, H.J. and Milligan, G. W. E. (1999). Improved design of concrete jacking pipes. No Dig International, April 1999, 10, No.4.
  68. Milligan, G. W. E. (2000). Lubrication and soil conditioning in pipe jacking and micro tunnelling. Tunnels and Tunnelling International, July 2000, 32, No.7, 22-24.
  69. Milligan, G. W. E. (2000). Lubrication and soil conditioning in tunnelling, pipe jacking and micro-tunnelling; a state-of-the-art review. Pipe Jacking Research Group, http://www-civil.eng.ox.ac.uk.
  70. Milligan, G. W. E. (2001). Soil conditioning and lubricating agents in tunnelling and pipe jacking. Underground Construction 2001, pp.105-116.

Areas of expertise

  • Soil reinforcement
  • Soil nailing
  • Tunnelling
  • Trenchless technologies pipe jacking
  • Micro-tunnelling
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